http://digitalrepository.fccollege.edu.pk/handle/123456789/942 2026-06-24T04:11:51Z 2026-06-24T04:11:51Z Correa-Araneda, Francisco Ulloa-Yañez, Alfredo Núñez, Daniela Boyero, Luz Tonin, Alan M. Cornejo, Aydeé Urbina, Mauricio Díaz, María Elisa Figueroa-Muñoz, Guillermo Esse, Carlos http://digitalrepository.fccollege.edu.pk/handle/123456789/988 2020-11-22T19:24:27Z 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Environmental determinants of COVID-19 transmission across a wide climatic gradient in Chile Authors: Correa-Araneda, Francisco; Ulloa-Yañez, Alfredo; Núñez, Daniela; Boyero, Luz; Tonin, Alan M.; Cornejo, Aydeé; Urbina, Mauricio; Díaz, María Elisa; Figueroa-Muñoz, Guillermo; Esse, Carlos Abstract: Several studies have examined the transmission dynamics of the novel COVID-19 disease in different parts of the world. Some have reported relationships with several environmental variables, suggesting that spread of the disease is enhanced in colder and drier climates. However, evidence is still scarce and mostly limited to a few countries, particularly from Asia. We examined the potential role of multiple environmental variables in COVID-19 transmission rates and patterns from February 23 to April 16 across 121 cities of Chile; this country covers a large climatic gradient (≈ 40º of latitude, ≈ 4,000 m of altitude and 5 climatic regions, from desert to tundra), but all cities share their social behaviour patterns and regulations. Our results indicated that COVID-19 transmission in Chile was mostly related to 3 main climatic factors (mean temperature, relative humidity and wind speed) and population size. Transmission was greater in colder and drier cities (although wind modulated the effect of temperature) and when wind speed was higher; 􀂦nally, transmission increased with population size. The results of this study support some previous 􀂦ndings about the main environmental and demographic determinants of COVID-19 transmission, which may be useful for decision-making and management of the disease.

2020-01-01T00:00:00Z Roy, Sayak Khalse, Maneesha http://digitalrepository.fccollege.edu.pk/handle/123456789/987 2020-11-22T19:24:04Z 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Epidemiological Determinants of COVID- 19-Related Patient Outcomes in Different Countries and Plan of Action: A Retrospective Analysis Authors: Roy, Sayak; Khalse, Maneesha Abstract: Current development around the pandemic of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) presents a significant healthcare resource burden threatening to overwhelm the available nationwide healthcare infrastructure. It is essential to consider, especially for resource-limited nations, strategizing the coordinated response to handle this crisis effectively and preparing for the upcoming emergence of calamity caused by this yet-to-know disease entity. Relevant epidemiological data were retrieved from currently available online reports related to COVID-19 patients. The correlation coefficient was calculated by plotting dependant variables - the number of COVID-19 cases and the number of deaths due to COVID 19 on the Y-axis and independent variables - critical-care beds per capita, the median age of the population of the country, the number of COVID-19 tests per million population, population density (persons per square km), urban population percentage, and gross domestic product (GDP) expense on health care - on the X-axis. After analyzing the data, both the fatality rate and the total number of COVID-19 cases were found to have an inverse association with the population density with the variable - the number of cases of COVID-19 - achieving a statistical significance (p-value 0.01). The negative correlation between critical care beds and the fatality rate is well-justified, as intensive care unit (ICU) beds and ventilators are the critical elements in the management of complicated cases. There was also a significant positive correlation between GDP expenses on healthcare by a country and the number of COVID-19 cases being registered (p-value 0.008), although that did not affect mortality (p-value 0.851). This analysis discusses the overview of various epidemiological determinants possibly contributing to the variation in patient outcomes across regions and helps improve our understanding to develop a plan of action and effective control measures in the future.

2020-01-01T00:00:00Z Deshwal, Vishal Kumar http://digitalrepository.fccollege.edu.pk/handle/123456789/986 2020-11-22T19:23:22Z 2020-04-01T00:00:00Z

Title: COVID 19: A Comparative Study of Asian, European, American continent Authors: Deshwal, Vishal Kumar Abstract: Novel Coronavirus disease – COVID-19 spreads all over the world. Now, at present COVID-19 is spread person to person. Main Transmission source is crowded area and hospitals. Aim of present study is evaluate comparative study of SARS-CoV-2 infected countries in Asia, Europe, and American continent. Present study is based on confirmed case, number of deaths, death rate per 1000 confirmed case and China as model for present study. Study model suggested that death rate per 1000 COVID-19 confirmed case may be ranges from 40 to 100. In Asian countries like India, Pakistan, Bangladesh where population is high and medical facility is less as compared to Europe so it can be more serious in future. Therefore, lockdown can be play crucial role in COVID-19. This lockdown in countries provide more time to search alternative solution for control of COVID-19 disease and upcoming 3-4 weeks are more critical.

2020-04-01T00:00:00Z Hamidi, Shima Sabouri, Sadegh Ewing, Reid http://digitalrepository.fccollege.edu.pk/handle/123456789/985 2020-11-22T19:23:10Z 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z

Title: Does Density Aggravate the COVID-19 Pandemic? Authors: Hamidi, Shima; Sabouri, Sadegh; Ewing, Reid Abstract: Problem, research strategy, and findings: The impact of density on emerging highly contagious infectious diseases has rarely been studied. In theory, dense areas lead to more face-to-face interaction among residents, which makes them potential hotspots for the rapid spread of pandemics. On the other hand, dense areas may have better access to health care facilities and greater implementation of social distancing policies and practices. The current COVID-19 pandemic is a perfect case study to investigate these relationships. Our study uses structural equation modeling to account for both direct and indirect impacts of density on the COVID-19 infection and mortality rates for 913 U.S. metropolitan counties, controlling for key confounding factors. We find metropolitan population to be one of the most significant predictors of infection rates; larger metropolitan areas have higher infection and higher mortality rates. We also find that after controlling for metropolitan population, county density is not significantly related to the infection rate, possibly due to more adherence to social distancing guidelines. However, counties with higher densities have significantly lower virus-related mortality rates than do counties with lower densities, possibly due to superior health care systems. Takeaway for practice: These findings suggest that connectivity matters more than density in the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. Large metropolitan areas with a higher number of counties tightly linked together through economic, social, and commuting relationships are the most vulnerable to the pandemic outbreaks. They are more likely to exchange tourists and businesspeople within themselves and with other parts, thus increasing the risk of cross-border infections. Our study concludes with a key recommendation that planners continue to advocate dense development for a host of reasons, including lower death rates due to infectious diseases like COVID-19.

2020-01-01T00:00:00Z