http://digitalrepository.fccollege.edu.pk/handle/123456789/2446 Articles published by the PRC team 2026-06-23T23:33:05Z http://digitalrepository.fccollege.edu.pk/handle/123456789/2903 Title: Crude Oil Price Variability and Employment Dynamics in Pakistan: A Sectoral Analysis Authors: Nasir, Khizra; Ahmed, Tanvir; Khan, Talah Numan; Nasir, Rabiya Abstract: This research analyzed the link between crude oil prices and employment in Pakistan's agricultural, industrial, and services sectors. Pakistan, being an oil-importing country, is heavily dependent on imported oil for its macroeconomic performance. In 2022, the country imported crude oil worth $5.23 billion and was the 29th largest importer of crude oil in the world. The entire economy, as well as each sector, is heavily dependent on imported oil, and consequently its fluctuating prices. Changes in oil prices pose a challenge for Pakistan's sectoral employment through different transmission channels. This research fills the gap in the literature by analyzing the impact of crude oil price on sectoral employment in Pakistan. In this research, time series data for the period 1981–2019 has been used. For employment dynamics in the agricultural, industrial, and service sectors, models based on efficiency wage theory have been developed and estimated using the ARDL co-integration technique. Estimated models indicate that a 1% increase in real crude oil prices resulted in a 0.13%, 0.1%, and 0.02% decline in employment in the agricultural, industrial, and services sectors, respectively. Among sector-specific variables, exports from each sector have a positive impact, while imports have a negative impact on employment in the respective sector. The results of the study recommend the stabilization of oil prices by readjustment of taxes and profit margins of oil companies by the Government of Pakistan. This shall promote tangible sectoral employment leading to the welfare of the impoverished masses. 2025-01-01T00:00:00Z http://digitalrepository.fccollege.edu.pk/handle/123456789/2451 Title: Factors Influencing Primary School Dropout in Punjab, Pakistan: Results from MICS 2017-18 Authors: Ali, Mohammad Vaqas; Nasir, Khizra; Tariq, Jawad; Sajid, Yusra Abstract: The study focused on the determinants of primary school dropout in the province of Punjab in Pakistan. The study used the MICS (2017-18) dataset. Out of the MICS (2017-2018) data set, a total of 11621 cases were selected. The selected cases were all between the ages of 5 - 17 years, who were enrolled in a primary school in the year prior to data collection. Primary school dropout was the main dependent variable of the study. Out of the 11612 selected children that were enrolled in primary school in the year prior to data collection a total of 274 (2.4%) children had dropped out. Multiple logistic regression were performed to gauge the relationship between primary school dropout and the various demographic, economic, household level and individual level variables included in the study. The study revealed that some demographic, economic and individual level variables significantly increased the odds of primary school dropout. Specifically, children from urban areas (demographic) or poor families (economic) had a significantly higher likelihood of dropping out. There is a need for a comprehensive policy that provides a holistic strategy for eliminating the incidence of school dropout at the primary level. This strategy should involve multiple stakeholders including the government, civil society, international organizations and most importantly, the communities. Keywords: School dropout, MICS, Punjab, Pakistan 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z http://digitalrepository.fccollege.edu.pk/handle/123456789/2450 Title: IDENTIFYING THE CORRELATES SECONDARY LEVEL IN PUNJAB, PAKISTAN: INSIGHTS FROM MICS 2017-2018 Authors: Ali, Mohammad Vaqas; Athar, Shamaila; Rasheed, Shahid; Calib, Gloria Abstract: This article focuses on various factors of school dropout at secondary level education in Pakistan. This study in based on the secondary data analysis of Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) Punjab dataset (2017-2018) which was collected by the Punjab Bureau of Statistics in collaboration with United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). The MICS dataset provides data pertaining to 51,600 households, including 37,052 children aged 5-17 years. A total of 7,322 cases that matched the inclusion criterion were selected. MICS Logistic regression was used to identify geographic, economic, household and individual level factors that could potentially influence dropout decisions as the secondary school level in Punjab. The study has shown that variables such as urban school enrollment, household size, and parental education have significantly influenced dropout rates. Additionally, gender (girls more at risk), child labor, and physical mobility issues also played significant roles. These findings highlight the multifaceted nature of factors that influence secondary school dropout. Keywords: Secondary School, School Dropout, Child Labor, MICS Punjab 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z http://digitalrepository.fccollege.edu.pk/handle/123456789/2449 Title: Empowerment and IPV in Married Women of Reproductive Age: Evidence from Pakistan Demographic Health Survey 2017–2018 Authors: Ali, Mohammad Vaqas; Tariq, Jawad Abstract: The study was an attempt to identify demographic, household, and women empowerment factors that predicted emotional, physical, and sexual violence in ever-married women of reproductive age (15–49 years, n = 3,965) in Pakistan by performing secondary analysis on Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey, 2017–2018. The analysis was done using SPSS (v.22) and binary and multivariate logistic regression techniques were performed for analyses. The analysis found that 30.2% of women experienced emotional, 24.1% reported less severe physical, 6.5% experienced severe physical, and 4.3% experienced sexual violence, respectively. The multivariate analysis found that husband’s age, education, wealth, and alcohol consumption were significant predictors of intimate partner violence (IPV). Additionally, womens’ age, education, and number of children also significantly predicted IPV. With respect to empowerment variables, ownership of house was a significant predictor of less severe physical violence, ownership of property significantly predicted emotional violence, and autonomy in household purchase decisions was significantly related to severe physical violence. The control on husband’s income as a measure of empowerment significantly predicted all four types of IPV. Belief in patriarchy also turned out to be an important factor in determining emotional and less severe physical violence. The study concludes that women empowerment in household context can prevent less serious forms of violence but to hinder serious forms of violence, interventions at family and community level will be required. Keywords: domestic violence, perceptions of domestic violence, domestic violence and cultural contexts, predicting domestic violence, battered women 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z